Publish Time: 2024-09-24 Origin: Site
POM, or polyoxymethylene, is a high-performance thermoplastic that's revolutionizing industries. It was first synthesized in the 1920s but only commercialized in the 1950s.
This remarkable material boasts exceptional strength, low friction, and dimensional stability. From automotive parts to medical devices, POM is transforming product design and manufacturing.
In this post, we'll explore POM's types, properties, applications, advantages, disadvantages, modifications and how it process.
Polyoxymethylene (POM), also called acetal, polyacetal, or polyformaldehyde, is a high-performance engineering thermoplastic.
The molecular structure of Polyoxymethylene (POM) is based on repeating units of formaldehyde monomers. These monomers consist of carbon atoms bonded to two -OR groups. The structure of POM can be simplified to the formula (CH₂O)n, which forms long polymer chains.
This simple yet effective structure results in a semi-crystalline thermoplastic. Its high crystallinity gives POM its notable strength and rigidity. The polymer chains tightly pack together, leading to impressive dimensional stability and low moisture absorption.
Repeating units of CH₂O (formaldehyde).
Semi-crystalline nature enhances mechanical properties.
Tight polymer packing improves wear resistance and strength.
This structure allows POM to maintain high performance in environments where precision and resilience are essential.
There are two main types of POM plastic: POM Homopolymer (POM-H) and POM Copolymer (POM-C). Both offer unique advantages depending on the application, but they differ in structure and performance.
POM-H is made from a single monomer, giving it a more regular crystalline structure. This higher crystallinity leads to superior mechanical properties. It's stiffer, stronger, and can handle higher tensile and compressive loads. If your application requires high strength and low creep, POM-H is a solid choice.
Higher tensile strength: Better for load-bearing parts.
Improved hardness: Stands up to wear and tear.
Better dimensional stability: Retains shape in demanding environments.
On the other hand, POM-C is created by polymerizing two different monomers. This makes it more chemically resistant and gives it better thermal stability than POM-H. It’s less prone to centerline porosity, which improves durability, especially in wet environments. POM-C also performs better in alkaline conditions.
Better chemical resistance: Ideal for exposure to solvents, fuels, and chemicals.
Improved resistance to hydrolysis: Performs well in moisture-heavy environments.
Higher thermal stability: Withstands higher operating temperatures.
Here’s a quick comparison:
| Property | POM-H | POM-C |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | Higher | Lower |
| Chemical Resistance | Moderate | Higher |
| Thermal Stability | Moderate | Higher |
| Processing Ease | Good | Easier |
Each type of POM has its strengths, depending on the environment and performance needs.
| Property | POM-C (Copolymer) | POM-H (Homopolymer) |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | 66 MPa | 78 MPa |
| Tensile Strain at Yield | 15% | - |
| Tensile Strain at Break | 40% | 24% |
| Tensile Modulus of Elasticity | 3,000 MPa | 3,700 MPa |
| Flexural Strength | 91 MPa | 106 MPa |
| Flexural Modulus of Elasticity | 2,660 MPa | 3,450 MPa |
| Rockwell Hardness (M Scale) | 84 (ISO), 88 (ASTM) | 88 (ISO), 89 (ASTM) |
| Charpy Impact (Notched) | 8 kJ/m² | 10 kJ/m² |
| Izod Impact (Notched) | 1 ft.lb./in | 1 ft.lb./in |
| Density | 1.41 g/cm³ | 1.43 g/cm³ |
| Wear Rate (ISO 7148-2) | 45 µm/km | 45 µm/km |
| Coefficient of Friction | 0.3 - 0.45 | 0.3 - 0.45 |
| Thermal Property | POM-C | POM-H |
|---|---|---|
| Melting Point | 165°C | 180°C |
| Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) (1.9 MPa) | 100°C (ISO), 220°F (ASTM) | 110°C (ISO), 250°F (ASTM) |
| Service Temperature Range | -50°C to 100°C | -50°C to 110°C |
| Thermal Conductivity | 0.31 W/(K·m) | 0.31 W/(K·m) |
| Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (CLTE) | 110 µm/(m·K) (23-60°C) | 95 µm/(m·K) (23-60°C) |
| Maximum Continuous Service Temperature | 100°C | 110°C |
| Chemical Property | POM-C | POM-H |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Resistance (pH Range) | pH 4 - 13 | pH 4 - 9 |
| Resistance to Organic Solvents | Good | Moderate |
| Resistance to Hydrolysis | Excellent (up to 85°C) | Moderate (up to 60°C) |
| Resistance to Acids | Good resistance to weak acids | Moderate resistance |
| Resistance to Bases | Good resistance to weak bases | Moderate resistance |
| Resistance to Strong Acids/Bases | Poor | Poor |
| Resistance to Phenols and Cresols | Poor | Poor |
| Resistance to Oxidizing Agents | Poor | Poor |
| Water Absorption | Low (0.2% per day) | Low (0.2% per day) |
| Electrical Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Relative Permittivity (at 1 MHz) | 3.8 |
| Electrical Resistivity | 10^15 Ω·cm |
| Dielectric Strength | 200 kV/cm |
| Dielectric Constant | 3.7 - 4.0 |
| Dissipation Factor | 0.005 - 0.008 |
| Volume Resistivity | 10^14 - 10^16 Ω·cm |
Polyoxymethylene (POM) is prized for its unique set of advantages, making it a go-to material in many industries. Below are some key benefits that highlight why POM is so versatile.
POM is known for its exceptional strength while remaining lightweight. This balance makes it ideal for applications where both strength and weight reduction are critical, such as automotive parts and industrial machinery.
One standout feature of POM is its low coefficient of friction. This property significantly reduces wear and tear in applications involving sliding or rotating parts, like gears and bearings. It’s a self-lubricating material, which enhances its longevity in demanding environments.
POM maintains excellent dimensional stability even under fluctuating temperatures and humidity levels. This characteristic makes it perfect for precision parts, ensuring the material holds its shape and size over time, which is crucial in high-performance applications.
POM shows outstanding resistance to chemicals and moisture, particularly in alkaline environments. It absorbs very little water, making it a reliable choice for applications involving wet or chemical-heavy conditions such as pumps and valves.
One of the reasons POM is favored by manufacturers is its ease of machining. It can be drilled, milled, and turned with high precision, making it an excellent choice for creating intricate parts in large quantities.
POM offers strong electrical insulation, making it a preferred material for electrical components. Its dielectric properties help protect electronic systems from electrical interference, making it useful for switches, relays, and connectors.
Thanks to its self-lubricating nature, POM reduces the need for external lubricants in mechanical systems. This property, combined with its low friction, helps extend the life of components such as bushings and rollers.
Beyond functionality, POM provides an aesthetic surface finish. Its glossy and smooth appearance makes it suitable for exposed parts, especially in consumer goods and industrial designs that require a polished look.
For industries like food processing and healthcare, POM offers FDA-compliant grades. These grades are safe for direct contact with food and medical devices, ensuring compliance with stringent safety standards.
| POM Advantage | Benefit |
|---|---|
| High Strength-to-Weight Ratio | Ideal for lightweight yet durable applications |
| Low Friction and Wear Resistance | Reduces maintenance and extends part life |
| Dimensional Stability | Maintains precision over time and under stress |
| Chemical and Moisture Resistance | Performs well in wet and chemical environments |
| Ease of Machinability | Enables precise, efficient manufacturing |
| Excellent Electrical Insulation | Protects electronic components from interference |
| Self-lubricating Properties | Lowers maintenance costs in moving parts |
| Aesthetic Surface Finish | Suitable for exposed, polished components |
| FDA Compliant Grades Available | Safe for food and medical device applications |
While POM plastic offers many benefits, it does come with several disadvantages that need to be considered for specific applications.
One major limitation of POM is its poor resistance to UV light. When exposed to direct sunlight for extended periods, it can degrade, leading to discoloration, embrittlement, and loss of strength. If UV exposure is expected, UV stabilizers are needed.
Although POM resists many chemicals, it is vulnerable to strong acids and bases. Prolonged exposure to aggressive chemicals can cause degradation, making POM less suitable for harsh chemical environments without extra precautions.
POM can degrade at high temperatures without suitable stabilizers. Continuous exposure to heat beyond its limits may lead to structural breakdown and reduced mechanical performance. It's critical to account for temperature constraints in demanding applications.
POM has low surface energy, which makes bonding or gluing difficult without surface treatment. Special adhesives and preparation methods are required to create a strong bond between POM and other materials, which can complicate manufacturing processes.
During the molding process, POM exhibits high shrinkage, which may affect dimensional accuracy. Manufacturers need to carefully control mold design and cooling processes to compensate for this issue, especially in precision applications.
POM is relatively more expensive than many commodity plastics. This higher cost can be a factor in choosing materials for large-scale production, especially when cost efficiency is critical.
POM is highly flammable in its natural form. Without flame retardants, it can burn easily, and the combustion releases toxic gases. In applications with strict fire safety requirements, additional treatments are necessary.
| Disadvantage | Impact |
|---|---|
| Poor UV Stability | Degrades in sunlight without UV stabilizers |
| Limited Chemical Resistance | Vulnerable to strong acids and bases |
| Thermal Limitations | Breaks down at high temperatures without stabilizers |
| Bonding Challenges | Difficult to bond without surface treatment |
| High Shrinkage in Molding | Affects dimensional accuracy during manufacturing |
| Cost Considerations | Higher cost compared to commodity plastics |
| Highly Flammable | Burns easily without flame retardants |
Polyoxymethylene (POM) is a versatile engineering plastic used in a wide range of industries due to its strength, dimensional stability, and low friction. Below are the key applications where POM excels.
POM keeps your car running smoothly. It's used in:
Fuel system components
Gears and bushings
Valves and door handles
Interior trim pieces
These parts benefit from POM's strength, low friction, and chemical resistance.
In the world of electronics, POM plays a crucial role. You'll find it in:
Connectors and switches
Relay housings
Insulating components
Circuit breakers
POM's electrical insulation properties make it perfect for these applications.
POM is all around you in everyday items:
Zippers and buckles
Knobs and handles
Fasteners and toys
Luggage components
Its durability and attractive finish make it ideal for consumer products.
In healthcare, POM ensures reliability and safety:
Surgical instruments
Drug delivery systems
Dental components
Orthopedic implants
POM's biocompatibility and chemical resistance are crucial in medical applications.
POM keeps industry moving:
Conveyor system parts
Gears and bearings
Valve components
Rollers and sprockets
Its wear resistance and strength make it perfect for heavy-duty applications.
When it comes to managing fluids, POM shines:
Pumps and valves
Impellers and fittings
Couplings
Plumbing components
POM's chemical resistance and low moisture absorption are key here.
POM ensures safe food handling:
Conveyor belts
Packaging machinery parts
Food handling equipment
Storage containers
Food-grade POM meets strict safety standards for these applications.
POM adds performance to your playtime:
Ski bindings
Archery equipment
Bicycle components
Fishing reels
Its impact resistance and low friction properties enhance sporting goods.
Even in the sky, POM has a place:
Structural components
Gears and bearings
Interior fittings
Fuel system parts
POM's lightweight strength is valuable in aerospace applications.
POM's versatility extends to many other areas:
Textile machinery parts
Musical instrument components
Construction hardware
Agricultural equipment
| Industry | Common POM Applications |
|---|---|
| Automotive | Fuel system components, gears, bushings, valves |
| Electrical/Electronics | Connectors, switches, relay housings, insulators |
| Consumer Goods | Zippers, buckles, knobs, fasteners, toys |
| Medical Devices | Surgical instruments, drug delivery systems, dental components |
| Industrial Machinery | Conveyor components, gears, bearings, valve parts |
| Fluid Handling | Pumps, valves, impellers, fittings |
| Food Processing | Packaging machinery, FDA-compliant components |
| Sports/Recreation | Ski bindings, archery equipment, bicycle parts |
| Aerospace | Structural components, gears, bearings |
| Miscellaneous | Textile machinery, musical instruments, construction hardware |
Polyoxymethylene (POM) can be modified to enhance its performance in specific applications. These modifications tailor POM’s properties, making it even more versatile across industries.
Want tougher POM? Impact modification is the answer. We blend POM with elastomers or other tough polymers. This process:
Improves impact strength
Enhances toughness
Increases flexibility
Impact-modified POM is perfect for parts that need to withstand shocks and vibrations.
Need stronger POM? Let's add some muscle. We mix in materials like:
Glass fibers
Carbon fibers
Mineral fillers
These reinforcements boost:
Tensile strength
Stiffness
Dimensional stability
Reinforced POM is ideal for high-load applications and structural parts.
POM already has low friction, but we can make it even slicker. We add:
PTFE (Teflon)
Silicone
Graphite
Benefits include:
Further reduced friction coefficient
Improved wear resistance
Enhanced self-lubricating properties
These modifications make POM perfect for bearings and sliding components.
Safety first! Food-grade POM meets strict regulatory requirements. We achieve this by:
Using FDA-approved additives
Implementing special processing techniques
Rigorous testing and certification
Food-grade POM is essential for food processing equipment and packaging.
Let's make POM sun-proof. We add UV stabilizers and absorbers to:
Prevent discoloration
Maintain mechanical properties
Extend outdoor lifespan
UV-resistant POM is crucial for exterior automotive parts and outdoor equipment.
Time for some high-tech tweaks. We incorporate nanomaterials like:
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
Nanoclays
Metal oxide nanoparticles
These tiny additions can lead to big improvements:
Enhanced mechanical properties
Improved thermal stability
Better barrier properties
Nanocomposite POM pushes the boundaries of performance in demanding applications.
Here's a quick overview of POM modifications:
| Modification | Key Additives | Main Benefits |
|---|---|---|
| Impact | Elastomers | Toughness, flexibility |
| Reinforcement | Glass/carbon fibers | Strength, stiffness |
| Low-friction | PTFE, silicone | Reduced wear, better lubrication |
| Food-grade | FDA-approved additives | Safe for food contact |
| UV-resistant | UV stabilizers | Outdoor durability |
| Nanocomposite | Nanomaterials | Overall performance boost |
These modifications expand POM's capabilities, making it even more versatile and valuable across industries.
POM plastic can be processed through various methods, each offering specific benefits for different applications. Below are the most common techniques used to shape and produce POM components.
Injection molding is the most widely used method for POM. It’s ideal for high-volume production and enables the creation of complex geometries with high precision. This method is highly efficient and is frequently employed in industries like automotive and electronics.
| Advantages of Injection Molding | Details |
|---|---|
| High-volume production | Cost-effective for mass manufacturing |
| Complex geometries | Enables intricate shapes and designs |
| Tight tolerances | Achieves high accuracy for precision components |
The extrusion process is used to produce sheets, rods, and tubes from POM. These parts are often semi-finished and require further machining like cutting, turning, or milling to meet precise specifications.
| Advantages of Extrusion | Details |
|---|---|
| Continuous production | Produces long lengths of material |
| Versatile shapes | Suitable for rods, sheets, and tubes |
| Further machining | Often needed for final part shaping |
POM is highly suitable for machining, which includes processes like turning, milling, and drilling. Due to its dimensional stability, POM is ideal for parts requiring tight tolerances. This method is commonly used when precision is critical, such as in the aerospace and medical device industries.
POM can also be processed using 3D printing technologies, particularly Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS). Although less common, 3D printing allows for the creation of complex prototypes and small-scale production runs. It is especially useful for applications where traditional molding may be too costly or time-consuming.
| Advantages of 3D Printing | Details |
|---|---|
| Prototype creation | Ideal for producing complex and custom designs |
| Reduced lead times | Faster production for small-scale runs |
| Flexible design modifications | Easy to make changes to design prototypes |
When designing components using POM plastic, careful attention to specific design elements can greatly enhance performance and manufacturing efficiency. Here are key considerations to keep in mind.
Getting wall thickness right is crucial. Here's what you need to know:
Aim for uniform thickness
Recommended range: 1.5 to 3.0 mm
Thicker walls increase cooling time and may cause sink marks
Thinner walls might not fill properly
Pro tip: Use ribs or gussets to reinforce thin walls instead of increasing overall thickness.
Draft angles are your friend in injection molding. They help parts release from the mold easily.
For POM, consider:
Minimum draft angle: 0.5°
Recommended draft angle: 1° to 2°
Increase draft for textured surfaces
Remember: More draft means easier ejection and fewer marks on your part.
POM's flexibility makes it great for snap fits and living hinges. Here's how to design them:
Snap fits:
Use an undercut of 1.0 to 1.5 times material thickness
Avoid sharp corners at the base
Living hinges:
Keep thickness between 0.3 to 0.5 mm
Use a radius at the hinge equal to half its thickness
These features can reduce part count and assembly time.
Sharp corners are stress concentrators. They're bad news for POM parts. Instead:
Use generous radii on all corners
Minimum recommended radius: 0.5 mm
Larger radii improve flow and reduce stress
Smooth curves make for stronger, more durable parts.
POM shrinks as it cools. Plan for it in your designs.
Typical shrinkage rates:
POM Homopolymer: 1.8% to 2.2%
POM Copolymer: 1.5% to 2.0%
Factors affecting shrinkage:
Part geometry
Molding conditions
Material grade
Compensate by slightly oversizing your mold cavity.
Here's a quick design checklist for POM parts:
| Design Element | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| Wall Thickness | 1.5 - 3.0 mm |
| Draft Angle | 1° - 2° |
| Corner Radius | ≥ 0.5 mm |
| Snap Fit Undercut | 1.0 - 1.5 × thickness |
| Living Hinge Thickness | 0.3 - 0.5 mm |
| Shrinkage Allowance | 1.5% - 2.2% |
Let's stack POM up against some other popular materials. You'll see why it's often the top choice for many applications.
POM and Nylon are both versatile thermoplastics. But they've got their own strengths:
POM advantages:
Better dimensional stability
Lower moisture absorption
Higher wear resistance
Easier to machine
Nylon advantages:
Higher impact strength
Better chemical resistance to some substances
Often lower cost
Higher heat resistance
Choose POM for precision parts in wet environments. Go for Nylon when you need toughness and heat resistance.
POM and PBT are often neck-and-neck in engineering applications. Let's break it down:
POM strengths:
Lower coefficient of friction
Better wear resistance
Higher stiffness
Superior dimensional stability
PBT strengths:
Better electrical properties
Higher heat resistance
Easier to mold
Often more cost-effective
POM shines in mechanical applications. PBT takes the lead in electrical and high-heat scenarios.
POM holds its own against many engineering plastics. Here's a quick comparison:
| Property | POM | ABS | PC | PEEK |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strength | High | Moderate | High | Very High |
| Stiffness | High | Moderate | High | Very High |
| Wear Resistance | Excellent | Poor | Moderate | Excellent |
| Chemical Resistance | Good | Moderate | Poor | Excellent |
| Cost | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Very High |
POM offers a balanced mix of properties at a reasonable cost. It's often the go-to for:
Parts requiring high precision
Components with moving parts
Applications needing low friction
PEEK might outperform POM in extreme conditions, but at a much higher price. ABS is cheaper but can't match POM's mechanical properties.
Remember, material choice depends on your specific needs. Consider factors like:
Operating environment
Mechanical requirements
Cost constraints
Processing methods
POM plastic, or polyoxymethylene, offers high strength, low friction, and excellent dimensional stability. It’s a key material in industries like automotive, electronics, and medical devices. POM’s role in modern manufacturing continues to grow due to its versatility and durability. Whether you need components with chemical resistance or precision, POM delivers reliable performance across various applications.
Tips: You maybe interested to the all plastics
| PET | PSU | PE | PA | PEEK | PP |
| POM | PPO | TPU | TPE | SAN | PVC |
| PS | PC | PPS | ABS | PBT | PMMA |
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